Women as Leaders Essay Example For Students

Women as Leaders Essay More and more women are rising to the leadership challenge, even in some of the most male-dominated industries. The increase in the number of women attending university, in the workplace or starting their own business has demonstrated to men who own businesses that women can be both managers and mothers, thus showing their male counterpart that women can in fact â€Å"do it all†. In this paper the history of women in the workforce will be outlined, as well as the challenges they face. The changing attitudes towards women taking over family businesses will be looked at briefly, how women lead along with a comparison to how men lead, and a critique and conclusion of their leadership style will also be discussed. We will write a custom essay on Women as Leaders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now History and The Challenges Women FaceA number of events have occurred over the last twenty-five years or so that have resulted in the rise of the female in the work-for-pay world. Beginning in the mid-1970’s, women began going to business school and earning their Master’s of Business Administration and, as a result, building on that education and gaining work experience (Nelton, 1999). The days of the one income family are over. Females need to be armed with a university or college degree to be a contributor to this century’s model of the family unit and in this time of â€Å"education inflation†, the demand for higher education is growing at a staggering rate. In the corporate sector, the generation of women who entered the corporate world two to three decades ago have blazed the trail now followed by ever-growing numbers of women (Shaiko, 1997). The great strides women are making in the work force can be attributed to numerous factors including the:â€Å"passage of equal employment opportunitylegislation’s, modifications in job requirements,more females on the buying side, elevatededucational achievements by females, morewomen in business schools, the huge percentageof female business school graduates with‘androgynous’ orientations, and the willingnessof many young women to postpone marriage andchild-bearing.† (Comer, et.al, 1997)While women continue to make progressive strides toward equality, few have risen to the highest positions-leading companies to the new millenium (Andorka, 1998). Fortunately, women can now demand equal treatment in their respective organizations as a result of the aforementioned changes in history. Many companies have policies in places that require equality at work and punishment for those who do not adhere to such policies. There is a vast amount of evidence that women tend to occupy less powerful, lower paid, and lower status organizational positions than men. These divisions not only occur vertically, but on a horizontal scale as well. Women who seek to enter management level positions fight against stereotypes, discrimination, and myths, not to mention the fight to balance work and family. They have also been overwhelmed by unfamiliar products, skeptical clients or customers, guy talk, a scarcity of female associates and little or no empathy (Comer, et.al., 1997). Sheila Wellington, President of Catalyst, a non-profit organization for the advancement of women to corporate and professional leadership, said in a speech on October 23, 1996 to the Economic Club of Detroit in Detroit Michigan:â€Å"Let me be clear, I believe that most obstaclesto women’s advancement to the top are notintentional, they are a result of unexaminedassumptions about women’s career interestsand of policies and pr actices that have existed unquestioned over time in the corporate culture. With real commitment to change, the situationis remediable.† (Wellington, 1996)Perhaps, the â€Å"glass ceiling† that women are under is not the intent of their male counterparts. I believe that it is the socialization of men and women in our society that has lead to this imbalance in the work force. But, somewhere along the line, men have to realize and acknowledge the socialization they have endured is creating much disharmony and discontent among their female colleagues. The Torch is Passed- to the DaughterTwenty years ago, there was no place for women in most family businesses (Nelton, 1999). If they did have a position, it was presumably as secretary, assistant, or some other â€Å"behind-the-scenes† role. The traditional successor to the family business was the first-born son and if there was no son, then the widow was discouraged from running the company and urged to sell the business. Those days have since past. As women are achieving higher levels of education and are being employed in more prominent positions, their leadership roles in family organizations have increased (Brody, 1994. Many young women are refusing to accept the rule of â€Å"primogeniture† (Nelton, 1999). Primogeniture is defined as a birthright or an inheritance. Although women are making great strides in this arena, there is still the feeling out there that the son should be considered first and the daughter as a second option, only if there is no son or if the son declines the offer. But, Nelson says that, â€Å"young women by and large feel that if they want to go into the family business, the opportunity is there.†In each of the cases described by Nelson, the fathers encouraged their daughters to become involved in the family business.As well, each father let his daughter run the show once she was named CEO-the surest sign of support (Nelton, 1999). In more and more families and in business in general, gender is becoming a â€Å"non-issue†. As roles increasingly change on the home front, the business world will soon mirror the changes taking place in the family structure. Nelton also urges women in leadership roles to not lose sight of the bottom line. She says it is â€Å"easy for women to get caught up in the management of people† (Nelton, 1999). She goes on to say that if you cannot prove that you are also profit-driven, you will never make it to the successor level. .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .postImageUrl , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:hover , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:visited , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:active { border:0!important; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:active , .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739 .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3db8005c553b613abb2c4ef4b6261739:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison of Two Documentaries EssayThe Battle of the SexesThere are many characteristics that women inherently possess that make them great leaders. Women tend to handle juggling many tasks at the same time better than men do. Because women have traditionally been the primary caregiver in the home as well as taking care of the household chores, â€Å"juggling† or time management has become second nature to them. Although women are skilled in handling many tasks, studies have shown that women are for the most part, people-oriented, rather than task-oriented (Comer, et.al., 1997). Women also value relationships and tend to spend time nurturing those relationships with their family, as well as subordinates (Andorka, 1998). Coaching, counseling, and mentoring, and the building of relationships are among the many characteristics needed to be an effective leader. In the past, commanding and controlling were thought to be the answer to gaining compliance and hard work from employees. The majority of men lean toward the traditional ‘command and control’ style and were more likely to view job performance as a series of transactions with subordinates offering rewards for services rendered or punishment for inadequate performance (Brody, 1994). Women understand the effectiveness of immediate praise and tend to be more supportive of one another and the people who work for them. Men wait for proof of achievement before extending gratitude or compliments. In the book, Selling is a Woman’s Game, Nicki Joy outlines the characteristics she feels are unique to women that make them prone to leadership roles: â€Å"The talent to multi-task, willingness to payattention to detail, their interest in people, theirskill in picking up body language, moods andundertones of conversation, and their superiorlistening skills† (Comer, et.al., 1997)It is important to note that while the majority of women do possess all or some of these inter-personal skills, men are quite capable of exhibiting these same characteristics and it is also possible that there are women who do not possess any of these characteristics. Women are also said to be easy to motivate, are trustworthy and cooperative, and are careful planners (Blanchard, 1988). Current studies suggest that women tend to have strong skills in collaboration and group processes. Many behavioral scientists have concluded that, in general, women’s leadership style seeks consensus among subordinates rather than the more typically male independent decision making style. Women are sometimes faced with criticism for being too passive, but if she opts for a more task-oriented, directive style of leadership, she is seen as too aggressive or masculine-a â€Å"bitch† (Andorka, 1998). They use an interactive approach to management in which they encourage employees participation but also attempt to â€Å"enhance other people’s sense of self-worth and to energize followers† (Brody, 1994). Women in leadership roles in organizations are usually highly involved in the day-to-day operations and they seek advice from the community and their peers. When it comes to leadership and management, women â€Å"tend to lead in circles rather than pyramids† (Brody, 1994). That is to say that they lean towards creating a cooperative atmosphere rather than a hierarchical, competitive environment. They possess superior creative problem solving and intuitive management skills, these among their other interpersonal skills have been encouraged throughout their lives and they have relied on those very skills in each and everyone of their relationships. Because of women’s socialization, these characteristics have come to the forefront. As children, women are encouraged to listen, to build relationships, to be considerate of other’s feelings and opinions and so on. As a result, a new breed of leaders was born. The Leadership ChallengeWhat, if any, characteristics of a leader outlined in the Leadership Challenge, do women possess? Well, to begin with Part 4, Enabling Others to Act.Kouzes Posner found in their research that in cases of success, it was almost never done alone. Women possess a superior sense of teamwork, cooperation, and collaboration. â€Å"If the goal is to improve performance, thewinning bet will be on cooperation overcompetition every time. Competition almostnever results in best performance; pursuing excellence is a collaborator’s game†(Kouzes Posner, p. 152). Especially in joint tasks, cooperation and collaboration are keys to success. Enabling others to act is innate in women. Again, as primary caregivers, they are subject to letting their children go and experience life and make their own mistakes, this is just second nature to women. .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .postImageUrl , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:hover , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:visited , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:active { border:0!important; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:active , .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285 .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7dce39da66ade209ac220988ede8e285:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Alchemist EssayReciprocity is key in executing effective leadership. Women focus a lot of their energy and time in maintaining and building relationships with the people around them. Reciprocity is one of the components of building a relationship, â€Å"reciprocity also leads to predictability and stability in relationships, which can keep both relationships and negotiations from breaking down† (Kouzes Posner, p. 157). Reciprocity is described as having the willingness to be cooperative and an unwillingness to be taken advantage of. To foster collaboration encompasses what women leaders are. The sharing of information and resources is, again, like second nature to women. This is through their socialization. That is not to say that all women possess these characteristics, but it is based on the majority through studies and extensive research. Building trusting relationships is the embodiment of the female psyche. Without trust in the people around them, their effectiveness as a leader, employee, wife, mother or friend is non-existent. Women strive for trust in the people they connect with on daily basis and they strive to be trusted. â€Å"Trust is at the heart of fostering collaboration. It’s the central issue in human relationships within and outside the organization† (Kouzes Posner, p. 163). It is a universal fact that women are exemplary listeners. It is the key in understanding the people you work with. To understand what is important to them is crucial to a successful business relationship. To know what an employee needs to feel fulfilled and to work to capacity, superior listening and communication skill are necessary. Celebrating accomplishments are also a fundamental practice in leadership. As mentioned previously, women are more likely to celebrate accomplishments and provide immediate praise to successful subordinates, unlike their male counterparts. Women are drawn to creating social support networks. Once again, women’s socialization comes to the forefront. Females are taught by example that to be happy and fulfilled you need your own little â€Å"support network† made up of friends and family. When women have problems or need advice they immediately call upon their network for assistance. Unlike men, who by nature, tend to withdraw and put the decision making process solely on their own shoulders. ConclusionAlthough women do possess many of the characteristics of effective leaders, they are not prone to lead by example (Comer, et.al., 1997). Due to the clash in the scheduling of work and their personal lives, women are torn between being a driven leader and being an effective leader in the home. But, again, gender is not always the determining factor in leadership capabilities. There are exceptions to each of the rules outlined within this paper. It is important to take note that there are male leaders that possess each of these qualities and are superior leaders. Alternatively, there are men and women who possess little or few of these characteristics and have still risen to the top of their ranks in terms of leadership style and capability.

Thinking Problem solving and Team building

Thinking Problem solving and Team building Introduction Working in one of the industries that fall in the category of health sector is all what I wanted and demanded since childhood, however, my passionate and interests were not directed to specific institution or organization as I went through the primary course of education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Problem solving and Team building specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despise lack of specificity in these earlier years of career building; I did not wave from looking forward to the establishing of the future professional foundation in the field of health service provision, as it was evidently affirmed by the exceptional performance in mathematics and science subjects. Therefore, it was not a surprise in my life to find graduating with a higher diploma in engineering pharmacy, which resulted after a compacted 17 years of study. Having set high goals in my career and professional development, I fel t that graduating from the higher learning institution acted as a mark of one the major achievements in life, while it still meant a lot in the transition of my life. As a matter of fact, I didn’t want to procrastinate in getting myself within the job systems, and being driven by enthusiasm and ambition to practice all that I had gained from academic work, I relentlessly made applications to all those potential companies which I believed could offer or were having an opportunity for a pharmaceutical engineer, beside considering their ability to offering a good working environment to the entire company’s labor force. After trying severally in sending applications to a number of such organizations of interest, some corresponded by sending regrets, other kept dumb-mute without replying, while a few called for an interview in which I would fail some, while others we disagreed in terms of package remuneration and other benefits. Though the whole hassle for a job was not eas e, fraught of confounding situations as expressed above, this circumstance was a short lived one, as XYZ pharmaceutical company soon accepted me by we agreeing to the terms and conditions for each other, thus entering into the first contract. Overview of the job environment The accomplishment of the job deal gave a new feel to both us. Being the first one, it meant a lot in my side, especially in gaining enormous experience while making the organizations operations to run smoothly through the services that I promised to offer. In signing the contract with the XYZ pharmaceutical company, I agreed to delivery my services in a number of ways.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First and foremost, as a person endowed with the knowledge and a little bit of experience in offering engineering services for a range of pharmaceutical machines and equipments, it was my obligatio n to ensure that all pharmaceutical packaging machines of the organization were in proper working conditions. This appeared to be the major responsibility that was given to me by the organization, which I did wholeheartedly. Here, I worked closely and concentrated more in dispensing my engineering services by servicing the packaging machines. Though being new in the field, I did find or encounter much difficulty in delivering in this particular task. I think and believe that this was because I had wide knowledge in the field of work and some clues or hints gained through experimental work that I did in the course of schooling. In addition also I felt attracted to working in this place as it demanded little movements from one place to another. However, the little movements wasn’t an advantage because I did not like walking, but understand that long resting is a thing which I have hated in my life, for it encourages laziness, and bring a lot of problems to humans especially tho se non-infectious diseases such as obesity and edema. On the contrary way of thinking, I held less movement as an added advantage in the workplace for somebody new in job tasks, more so in a high and sensitive position concerned with assurance and control of quality of the company’s products. While understanding the related effects and consequences of producing products of poor quality for the organizations, I took the cutting down of movements within the organization and working from a single place as a way that led to sparing of some extra time for my personal-work related activities. In order to ensure that there was maintenance and enhancement of quality products within the manufacturing and production of goods in the organizations, I at first utilized the extra time diligently and serious working on those areas which I knew posed considerable difficulties in understanding them during the course of study. Moreover, this spared time was also of significance importance as i t also gave me the chance to familiarize myself with many things involved in a real workplace environment, including tenets and regulations that applied to the company’s employees at different circumstances. Within a very short working period after signing my employment contract with the company, it was evident that I had gained adequate knowledge and experience to service and work on any machine particularly any of the packaging type of machine. Thus, there was a more gain of interest in deliberating on my tasks of machine repairing, which triggered the need of moving from being so much specialized on one working point station to a more general one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Problem solving and Team building specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, I sometime moved around the organization’s departments looking if there were any of the familiar machines that had broken down to service it. Fo r that matter, a part from serving as chief machine repairer for the major packaging machine of the organization, I also went on attending to several other small machines and equipments which were being used within the organization to accomplish various other packaging tasks. Truly, it was not to my surprise that every time I tried to get a tour within the various departments dealing with such related machine, I found several of them had broken down depicting that the way the company might have been suffering and incurring a lot of losses due to the issue of machine failure. Revelation of Problems The service that I offered to the XYZ pharmaceutical company appeared to be in higher demand than the company’s managerial team and I could have perceived before. The decision to move around in search for the broken packaging equipments and miniature machines led to the realization that the broken machines to be serviced were more than what the chief company machine supervisor, whom was one of my interviewers had understood or revealed. Though I was busy in most of the time working hard to cope with the tight time working conditions of the company, there were also some hours for break, lunch and some leisure which were created officially for renewal of energy in our body. As most of the workers did not get out of their working stations during breaks and lunch hour periods, I planned spending part of these hours for social purpose. Despite the fear of being a new employee in the company, I pretended that I was looking for those broken down packaging machine, and this worked to the best of attaining the hidden intentions. It sometimes appeared to me that I was bothering a few of the workers when I stepped in their stations or offices, especially those who were work overloaded, and wanted to recover or catch up with time certainly for deadlines that were nigh.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, I used the gained communication skills to get over the barrier of making friendships; thus, we found it necessary to share a little bit of our past even if it meant a mere simple and short introduction which included just our names and the kind of job or position each of us was doing for the organization. The decision to pay visits to the many offices and work stations had a double to triple fruitfulness. That is, when I shared with most of the colleagues of the kind of job and professional area of my specialization, almost eight five percent of them showed interest and requested for my assistance. There were those who wanted me to service and repair simple equipments, while others needed me to work on certain machines which looked to be complex machines to them such a photocopiers, printers and to some extend computer categories, depending on the office they held. I tried all that I can to repair those with simple problems according to my knowledge and experience, while av oiding to disappoint my new colleagues and allies by giving assured appointments for the complicated problems. The overall results showed that the organization had suffered a lot in several ways other than just having their machine broken down. While many of the corporation’s machines were non-functioning or having problems that were generally not reported, it depicted that there was an overall problem of communication barriers among individuals and departments whose works were core to the contributions of the company’s production and efficiencies. The matter became evident when I volunteered to work and assist the company on having a routinely weekly repair for the installed machines. It was a tiresome tasks resulting from immeasurable movements, that is, moving from office to office within a department and more so from one department to another. This not only counted towards wastage of one’s energy, but it also led to a lot of time wastage on collecting the re pair information requests from the different notice boxes which were not strategically located in the various departments. Furthermore, the manual system of receiving the documents took me long time to draft and enter the data to my storage records for future reference, scheduling and any other need that might arise in the course of the business operation. Due to the use of manual data and information system within the organization, much of the work remained undone leading to the company lagging behind in most of their operations. With this kind of system being in place, the supply, accounting and the store departments were greatly affected as they could not keep complete, compiled information without having received the data and information in time. Seeing the vaguely system and hardship that the organization was going through, I did not hesitate in proposing of new communication methodology. The sense was overt to every member of the organization and within four months of my emplo yment in the organization, plans instilled through a collaborative approach of departmental staffs and junior employees were underway towards the introduction of new project on information technology, primarily aimed at off setting the problem of data and information transfers in their communications. The inclusions of all parties in the proposing and introducing the programs was of paramount significance in assuring that not body had to be affected by the employment of the new technology. According to me, this establish trust and confidence among member parties, while at the same time showing concern and care for each others’ future and welfare, thus, paving the way for speedy implementation of the project. Team building On critical assess of the organizations, it appeared that they were several issues that needed to be resolved within the organization. Following group and employee’s discussions among themselves and negotiations with the managerial team, it was discov ered that most of the employees required knowing more than just simple single issue their area of operations. For instance, it was suggested that machine operators should get to know a bit of simple repair methods, while secretaries were to gain to some extend the knowledge and experience on managerial professions so as to make the company operate efficiently and perform excellently. For the purpose of accomplishing this goal, the involved parties negotiated for the best way to learn the new skills, however with limited time available for the management team to offer its employees as a way of motivating them, the parties finally decided to create sacrificial extra time for them to learn and get acquainted with the new skills. In departmental groups, each of them established their leaders and through closely working relationship with volunteer senior managerial team formed by person whom had already acquired the knowledge and skills needed in the specific groups, they kicked off on a serious training sessions that would transform the organization in a number of ways. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that problems are always there in organizations, and sometime this exist even without being noticed by the seniors and company executives. This situation was not quite different for the XYZ pharmaceutical company, which believed that the only problem they had was only concerned with repairing of packaging machines. However, the establishment and building of a team is a critical to solving many problems existing in organization, including even those hidden problems that derail the delivery of services and/or productions of products. As I reflect on my case, I become convinced and confident that anybody holding any position in an organization can bring a lot of transformational changes directly and indirectly through establishment/building of a team, as long as the party possesses the necessary skills and knowledge needed.

The Issue of Marketing and Environmental Factors Essay

The Issue of Marketing and Environmental Factors - Essay Example This paper will look into the marketing operations of McDonald's, addressing some of the environmental factors that have an influence on the marketing decisions of the company. To this effect, the paper will look into the effect of demographic characteristics of markets and cultural differences. Additionally, there will be a discussion on social responsibility, international relations, and technology. Partnerships among various businesses are vital if global marketing is to succeed. These partnerships are instrumental for McDonald's to become aware of territory that is uncharted and even builds the capacity to expand their operations into these regions (Gilpin, 2008). These interdependent entities are successful since they have access to large reserves of services and most importantly, ideas on how to improve the operations. Because of global interdependence, there are endless opportunities created for the expansion of McDonald's, within America and even outside its borders. Global interdependence creates the need for laws and agreements on what should be the convention in marketing practice that traverses borders. Since the inception of the idea of free trade, there has been numerous free trade agree agreements signed. For example, within Europe is the European Union. Such trade agreements expand the capacity of organizations like McDonald's to operate. When globalization creates increased capacity for such organizations to operate under subsidized tax rates, it benefits the expansion endeavors of the company (Werz and Fried, 2008). The success of the market for McDonald’s product is dependent on the knowledge of demographic attributes of their market. In order to know where to set up their maneuvers it is essential for them to be aware of some of the demographic characteristics of their target, for example, the age of the population, their eating habits and the income distribution.  

Thoughts On Printmaking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thoughts On Printmaking - Assignment Example Another feature about this laptop cover is that it can be used on any laptop, not necessarily Apples. A user can cover his/her laptop with this beautiful adornment irrespective of the brand. Also the color of the cover has made it exceptionally appealing. White engravings on a dark background are giving it an outstanding look. This cover has got a good aesthetic appeal to it as well. Also, the design is quite intricate and would be liked by people generally. The colors are also gender neutral making it easy for any gender to use the cover. They aren’t bright or flashy so people won’t get awkward before using it. I like it because it is modern, conventional, trendy and beautiful. It is smooth and shiny and the fact that it is a laser engraving makes it special. The remaining images shown in the slides deserve acclaim as well, but I found this one the best as it is very different and attention

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve Essay

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve assistance - Essay Example Pollack shows that in the states of Mississippi and Illinois, families receive varying benefits meant for poor families, especially single mothers. For example, in Illinois, the monthly based amount for the temporary assistances to needy families stands at 432 dollars compared to 170 dollars in Mississippi. The varying amounts received by poor families is seen a problem, additionally, there has been an increasing number of families requesting for benefits. Despite the rising problems of tackling increasing poor families, a number of states have introduced the idea of drug testing. This is an act whereby a member of the family requesting for benefits is put into test to ascertain if he or she is under drug influence. Pollack argues that the screening done by the government on families to receive benefits meant for poor does not address anything. According to the author, some states have achieved less or nothing despite their efforts to bring forth this matter of drug testing. The drug testing done on states like Michigan has failed or achieved less for the last 13 years according to the author. Additionally, legislators in Michigan are hoping that the act of drug testing for benefits is best and will be beneficial since it has been done in 29 other states. With the 29 states, 8 states have benefited from drug testing. According to Spencer, drug testing is currently undergoing in 28 states. The legislators in those states explain that drug testing must be done in order to lock out individuals requesting for benefits yet they are on drugs. In Oklahoma, the Republican Governor Mary Fallin explains that drug testing is done so as not to humiliate taxpayers. Parts of the taxes paid by the Oklahoma citizens are used to help the poor in terms of Temporary Assistances to Needy Families. The Governor explains that in order to avoid funding or subsidizing drug abuse by some of the individuals requesting for assistances from the government, drug testing must be done. This shows that legislators are supporting drug tests on those asking for government assistances based on the idea of drug abuse by those who benefit from the package. The governor of Oklahoma says that tests will be done and those who pass the drug testing are provided with the benefits while those who fail or refuse the test will be barred from getting the benefits until they reform. The process of drug test is also happening in Tennessee with the main focus being drug abuse by the individuals requesting for government assistance. Spencer also explains that drugs have brought problems to the society especially poor people. In addition, drug abuse is also problematic to the working class. There have been also increasing number of people requesting for help from the government to support themselves since the 2008 financial crisis. The fact is that there has been a rise in the number of the unemployed, cost of goods, housing and health care insurance. The government has to address all tho se cases with the help of funding. The idea of drug testing arises because high numbers of poor people in the society are drug users. Drug abuse can only be broken on those requesting for benefits if they are sure that they are to undergo the testing before they receive the benefits. Additionally, the government is fighting to address all the cases mentioned above and others like unemployment benefits. Millions of dollars have to be used in addressing those issues inclusive of drug abuse. In order to reduce these cases, drug testing is important as it is one way of reducing drug abuse. Additionally, taxes from tax payers will be channeled elsewhere like unemployment benefits and welfare benefits. Furthermore, Carpenter (1), explains that tighter budgets and high demands by the people from the

The Role Of Mass Media In Gender Roles

The Role Of Mass Media In Gender Roles Gender roles are very significant to an individual as they determine whether someone is male or female and therefore it can be said to be the attitudes and behaviors that a particular society expects from an individual or member of that society. The gender roles within different communities may vary depending on the expectations that a particular society expects of its individuals. For instance the gender roles that the society expects from its citizens has tremendously changed over the past decade and such changes have really affected relations at work, home, school and all Americans at large. This paper seeks to expound on the role of mass media in the development of gender roles. When talking about gender role formation and development, clear and precise definitions of the term sex or gender, need to be perfectly known and what makes sexuality to differ from gender roles is that the latter is usually influenced externally through various social factors while the expression sex represents the actual physical composition of individuals that describe them as male or female. Gender role mainly occurs during the childhood to the adolescence phase and what one chooses affects him/her throughout his life. At times situations may arise where one is not at peace with his identity. The strongest influence for the formation of gender role are the parents as they are our first teachers on earth and are the ones responsible for teaching children basic things such as walking, talking also attitudes and behavior for instance they tend to allow the boy child to try different things unlike the girls as there is fear for their safety Peer pressure can also contribute to reinforcing the traditional gender roles. This clearly arises when children tend to tease those that that are not fitting to the usual traditional roles which they are normally exposed to. For instance it is vividly clear that a girls color is pink therefore a boy spotted having a pink item will be teased therefore being forced to hate the color Mass media and gender roles formation Introduction Television for a long time has been a tool in promoting the stereotypes of gender roles and tends to show them as being natural. The television industry is usually male dominated therefore most of what is produced tends to take a male perspective therefore bringing about male gaze. Through such productions girls get to learn that this is a mans world and hence they get to change their personalities. It is a very powerful and highly influential means to make and communicate gender equality and gender culture of society are mass media technologies which have become an essential part of individual daily lives and culture in the world over (Craig, 2003, p.93). The mass media are able to genuinely make legal gender ideas and philosophy shaped by gender politics and beliefs, and to increase the likelihood or chance of their reception by the general audiences. The mass informs and also gives great pleasure and full entertainment. It is a dominant influence in distinguishing the roles of men and women in a civilized world. Morley in his work opines that, The younger generations are especially influenced by its depiction of gender roles. Even though television has improved very well in its representation of gender, women are still stereotype in conventional roles, and under-represented, while men are revealed or seen as dominant figures (Lawrence, 2004, p.28). Generally, women are known to be mothers whiles men are depicted as the bread winners of the family. Advertisements by the mass media In mass media advertisements, sex stereotyping tends to be at its greatest because the intended audiences are normally either male or female. Men are seen in further occupations than women; women are seen generally as house-keepers and mothers. Men have greater possibilities to be seen advertising car companies or marketing products; women are mostly advertising household products. Men are more likely to be shown outside or in a big business backgrounds; women in domestic settings. Men are more often seen to represent authority. Craig writes, As far as advertisement is concern, with older men gaining more authority than the younger men, at the same time as women seem to fade away. Television and radio commentary represent the interpretations of what is actually seen by the initiator of the TV or radio program me (Craig, 2003, p.82). These commentary or voice over is the tone of power or authority. A recent figure shows that television commentary majorly male. Even though the number o f female voice-overs in recent years has been on the rise, women still engage in their regular, domestic products and feminine care products advertisement. Male voice-overs are more likely to be linked with a far wider variety of products. Influence of TV gender images There is a general agreement that the mass media act as very significant agents of interaction, in cooperation with the family unit and peers, and it contribute to ensuring the gender roles are shaped effectively. Without doubt, at individuals level, it is normally learnt to be male or female this does not come naturally and the mass media helping in making such roles seem as if they are normal. And there is no doubt that the mass presents influential, compelling images of gender. It has been shown that many male individuals spend most of their time with male role-models on the television. But television as a means of socializing is not accountable for shaping the gender roles of individuals. There is abundance of instances of gender-typed conducts around the world today. An exceptional involvement of the television may be to present clear examples of models seen in a larger world than that which is more honestly experienced domestically and the locality. Wherever they get their tho ughts from, by the age of about eight, it seems that most kids develop precise and definite stereotypes about what the sexes can perform or cannot accomplish. Most individuals tend to see the mass media as unavoidably socializing children into customary stereotypical roles, because of the commonness or popularity of such images on the television and the importance attribute to them by children (Donna, 2010, p.35). On the other hand, such records tend to overrate the power of mass media and underrate the multiplicity of ways in which people; mostly children tend to handle their lifes experiences. Most television images of boys, girls, men and women are more different and less clear-cut than such arguments suggest. In the world today, the television offers conflicting images which can be understood in several ways, and viewers are far more dynamic interpreters than the inactive recipients suggested by such records. Craig states that, The prospective influence of the television may be greatest during teenage years (between 12 and 18), since at this phase gender plays such a significant role in social life. At this juncture prevailing gender pictures on TV may tend to strengthen and support traditional expectations among adolescents, thus bringing to mind role variances (Craig, 2003, p.90). Some individuals speculate that the space between a teenager self-concepts and highly fascinating media images may occasionally induce personal uncertainty. In a nutshell, although there are enormous gaps in our understanding of developmental factors, the developmental point of view gives emphasis to the problem of talking about the weight of television on a growing kid in general. And the critical significance of the family should not be ignored, either. It would be improbable for children not to be subjective by the contradictory ways in which their parents use the television. In some families in which the g ender roles are basically traditional, the television may tend to serve to strengthen such gender roles. In this way TV most definitely plays a very vital role in the building of gender roles. Despite the fact that there is little uncertainty that TV presents largely conventional gender photos there is this mixed evidence about the effects of such images or pictures on gender thoughts and behaviors? It is quite hard and extremely difficult to cut off the role of mass media (TV), since people are influenced by their entire environment, even though there is reasonably widespread acceptance that over time, still yet the mass media seems possible to influence peoples thoughts concerning gender roles. The watching of television by individuals may tend to contribute to gender role development and/or strengthening amongst children and teenagers, and some associating stereotyping of gender roles with profound TV spectators. On the other hand, there is proof that opposing stereotypical portr ayals do appear able to influence the perceptions of most kids, but in general such portrayals are uncommon. In summary, the influence of television gender images or pictures on kids is not very beyond question, partially because they have not constantly been well designed. Rheingold writes, There is a modest relationship between presentation patterns and gender stereotypes. There is not much confirmation yet for any great impact of the mass media (TV). Kids are not inactive recipients of images shown on the television (Rheingold, 2000, p.447). Their open feelings to gender role play a significant part in understanding the meaning of images of gender on the television. Conclusion From the above findings it is clear that there are various factors that bring about gender role formation and these factors are rooted within the society and are passed on from one generation to another. The media has also been a factor in bringing about gender roles as it tends to focus more on the ancient stereotypes that cover the boy and girl child roles in the society hence bringing about the inflexibility in the gender roles Conclusively, there is proof that a stereotypical view of gender role may weigh greatly on the viewers, particularly young viewers. There is also clear evidence to show the effect of television messages on young viewers. On the other hand there is indication to show that there is a strong potential correlation with stereotypical ideas. The ideas of conventional or long-established roles of the genders are very deceptive. So as to ensure a change in the gender roles there should be campaigns against stereotypes that surround gender roles

Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations Essays

The Mannequin The novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is one of unrequited love and the desperation for elitism for Pip, a poor orphan boy. Pip is starstruck by Estella, the haughty and cruel, even violent, â€Å"daughter† of a rich and eccentric elderly woman named Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham controls and teaches Estella instructions to break the hearts of men as her own personal vendetta against all men after her love for a man is unrequited. Estella has no feelings and even admits that she has â€Å"†¦ not bestowed [her] tenderness anywhere† (251). Despite her cruel attitude and disinterest in him, she serves as the most significant beacon in Pip’s life in attaining his goal of becoming a gentleman and breaking free from his poor and lowly life. With Miss Havisham’s control upon her, Estella’s detached emotionless nature and cold arrogance shine through and show how she pilots Pip’s desperation in attempting to reach her and his change in becoming an arrogant gentleman. Firstly, a recognizable characteristic of Estella is her dispassionate nature. Miss Havisham and Estella are polar opposites. Estella’s â€Å"mother† loves her in an eccentric way, lavishing her with fondness and sweet murmurings of â€Å"[b]reak their hearts, my pride and hope, break their hearts and have no mercy!† (100). Their moods are so â€Å"contradictory of one another,† Pip is left â€Å"puzzled [of] what to say or do† (100). Since they feel opposite emotions and Estella cannot feel love, for she has â€Å"never bestowed†¦ tenderness anywhere,† and coldly rejects Pip’s feelings for her, she may feel absolutely nothing but the desire to hurt (251). After treating Pip so condescendingly when giving him food, she looks at Pip â€Å"with a quick delight in having been the cause of [the... ...use she is common (132). Like him, Biddy has unrequited adoration, but for Pip himself. Through this, Estella’s importance shines and shows how important she is to Pip. Ultimately, the only reason Pip desires to be a gentleman is â€Å"on her account† (136). Pip â€Å"[loves] her against reason†¦ against happiness, [and] against all discouragement,† despite her being heartless and to â€Å"have no heart,† Estella is the most influential person in Pip’s life (246 and 251). Without her superiority and emotional detachment, Pip will not strive in his passionate desperation to attain her. Despite, not having human feelings such as love and compassion, Pip â€Å"[loves] her simply because [he] found her irresistible† and declares passionately to be â€Å"a part of [his] existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (245). His bildungsroman is based on his unrequited love for her, for there will no Pip if there is no Estella. Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations Essays The Mannequin The novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is one of unrequited love and the desperation for elitism for Pip, a poor orphan boy. Pip is starstruck by Estella, the haughty and cruel, even violent, â€Å"daughter† of a rich and eccentric elderly woman named Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham controls and teaches Estella instructions to break the hearts of men as her own personal vendetta against all men after her love for a man is unrequited. Estella has no feelings and even admits that she has â€Å"†¦ not bestowed [her] tenderness anywhere† (251). Despite her cruel attitude and disinterest in him, she serves as the most significant beacon in Pip’s life in attaining his goal of becoming a gentleman and breaking free from his poor and lowly life. With Miss Havisham’s control upon her, Estella’s detached emotionless nature and cold arrogance shine through and show how she pilots Pip’s desperation in attempting to reach her and his change in becoming an arrogant gentleman. Firstly, a recognizable characteristic of Estella is her dispassionate nature. Miss Havisham and Estella are polar opposites. Estella’s â€Å"mother† loves her in an eccentric way, lavishing her with fondness and sweet murmurings of â€Å"[b]reak their hearts, my pride and hope, break their hearts and have no mercy!† (100). Their moods are so â€Å"contradictory of one another,† Pip is left â€Å"puzzled [of] what to say or do† (100). Since they feel opposite emotions and Estella cannot feel love, for she has â€Å"never bestowed†¦ tenderness anywhere,† and coldly rejects Pip’s feelings for her, she may feel absolutely nothing but the desire to hurt (251). After treating Pip so condescendingly when giving him food, she looks at Pip â€Å"with a quick delight in having been the cause of [the... ...use she is common (132). Like him, Biddy has unrequited adoration, but for Pip himself. Through this, Estella’s importance shines and shows how important she is to Pip. Ultimately, the only reason Pip desires to be a gentleman is â€Å"on her account† (136). Pip â€Å"[loves] her against reason†¦ against happiness, [and] against all discouragement,† despite her being heartless and to â€Å"have no heart,† Estella is the most influential person in Pip’s life (246 and 251). Without her superiority and emotional detachment, Pip will not strive in his passionate desperation to attain her. Despite, not having human feelings such as love and compassion, Pip â€Å"[loves] her simply because [he] found her irresistible† and declares passionately to be â€Å"a part of [his] existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (245). His bildungsroman is based on his unrequited love for her, for there will no Pip if there is no Estella.

Identity Research Paper Essay

Malcolm Rivers from the movie â€Å"Identity† has been diagnosed as a mentally ill patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder. This disorder is basically another name for a multiple personality disorder. The disorder is usually caused by severe trauma, emotional or physical, that causes people to create â€Å"multiple personalities† so that they can deal with certain situations. They usually have the inability to recall important information and have blackouts. Lastly, they have confusion of personal identity for an assumption of a new identity. The patient, Malcolm Rivers has committed several vicious murders and is waiting for execution. There is a journal that Rivers has explaining why he really committed the murders of all these people at a motel. His psychiatrist, Doctor Malick, tries to explain to the Judge who wants to have Rivers executed that he wasn’t responsible for the murders. The argument Dr. Malick made for it not being Malcolm Rivers fault is that it was one of his personalities because in his journal he has written down personal and private thoughts of several different people, which is a symptom of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Doctor Malick took Malcolm Rivers in front of the Judge and started questioning him to prove that he has multiple personalities. When he was questioning him though, he wasn’t Malcolm Rivers; he was â€Å"Ed†, the limo driver from the motel that everyone was getting murdered at. â€Å"Ed† keeps having these blackouts and this one blackout led him into the courtroom with Malick and the judge. â€Å"Ed† tells them what was happening at the motel and how it was bizarre that everyone was getting murdered and bodies were disappearing. In response to Malcolm Rivers or â€Å"Ed’s† story, Malick tells â€Å"Ed† about how he is really Malcolm Rivers. Rivers’ traumatic childhood has a strong effect on him, which made his personality fracture into different personalities. He remembers his mom as being â€Å"promiscuous† depending on whom she brought home he may also have been beaten as a child, and the disorder is caused by both mental and physical trauma. â€Å"Ed† found this really confusing, so Malick gave him a mirror that way he realized that he was just another personality. Malick also made another assumption that â€Å"Ed† and all the other people at the motel had the same birthdays. He told â€Å"Ed† that one of his fellow personalities is the one responsible for the murders, so once that personality dies, Malcolm Rivers won’t have to executed because he will be harmless. â€Å"Ed† thought that he finally identified the personality responsible for all of the murders. When he tried to kill it, both the personality and â€Å"Ed† die at the motel. Malick convinced the judge that the homicide identity is dead and Rivers should be harmless. Rivers was let off the execution and put into a mental asylum. Little did he know he actually killed the wrong personality, it was really Timmy, a little boy, the murdered everyone and set up their deaths. In Rivers’ head it showed Timmy was the one always watching the deaths of everyone, but he was so quiet no one suspected him. Timmy’s personality eventually dominated Rivers body and strangles Malick that crashes the truck going to the mental asylum. There are both positive and negative messages the movie gives the public about people with this disorder. One negative message it can give off is the impression that people with this disorder are dangerous murders, not all people with multiple personalities are dangerous or destructive. There are actually only a few cases that people with multiple personalities have criminal behavior. Another negative message is that it shows criminals can get away with a crime and be let off an execution if you have multiple personalities, a criminal does not get out of it that easily, they need to go through a long process of multiple professional physicians to prove they are criminally insane. Lastly, the personality ended up dominating Malcolm Rivers body in the end, so it can give off the idea to the public that this disorder can not be cured when it can. There are also positive messages that the movie gives off to the public that watches it. For one, it successfully shows the symptoms of a person with dissociative identity disorder. It can also give people a good idea that if they suspect someone they know has this disorder; you should get them to keep a diary to get down their personal thoughts so you can tell if they have it. Lastly, it shows that having a traumatic childhood can affect a person. That is a positive message because it can make people want to be better parents to their children after seeing what a bad childhood can do to someone. The journal article on dissociative identity disorder shows the four dominant approaches to understanding the disorder: childhood trauma and media influences. The posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder shows that the disorder is a defensive response that results naturally from continuous and tremendous childhood trauma, particularly from physical and sexual abuse. Children experiencing this trauma dissociate their distressing experiences and repress the memories of those experiences. This section of the article relates to the movie because his mom was â€Å"promiscuous†, so Malcolm most likely wanted to repress the memories from that time of his life. Another approach to understanding why people have this disorder would be media influences. There was an increased in the number of reported causes of dissociative identity disorder shown when the growth of popular books and movies about patients with multiple personalities. The movie itself did not have any media influences that made Malcolm Rivers have multiple personalities. However, the movie can give off a negative reaction to the public watching it because there might be more cases of dissociative identity disorder. In conclusion, Malcolm Rivers should be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder from all the symptoms he has shown in the movie. The movie â€Å"Identity† is a great movie to watch, if someone wanted to learn more about the disorder or see an example of how a person diagnosed with dissociative identity acts. The journal article was also a good source because it backed-up one of the main causes of the disorder in the movie. Over all, the movie sends a good message to the public viewing it because the viewer can learn a lot about what causes the disorder, the symptoms of it, and they can be entertained at the same time. Traub, C. M. (2009). Defending a diagnostic pariah: validating the categorisation of Dissociative Identity Disorder. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 347-356. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Cusack, J. (Actor). (2003). Identity [Motion picture]. USA: Sony Pictures. Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2008). Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World (Seven ed., pp. 1-630). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

Free Essays on Locomotion And Fluid Movement

The article explains that freestyle is the fastest form of locomotion for fluid movement. The article also discusses statistical testing to understand front stoke in swimming and it mechanical link to the fluid forces required in non-propulsive directions. This examined underlying mechanics of the observed relationships among stoke frequency, stroke length, body roll, and speed. Experimental data was collected from professional swimmers on strategies used to change stroke frequency to swim faster. Stroke frequency is determined by the swimmers desired efforts (Yanai). Three factors are suggested to determine stroke frequency: (a) inertia of the arm about the shoulder, (b) range of motion through which the arm moves, (c) torque applied to the arm though out the shoulder (Yanai). These factors alone do not increases stoke frequency (Yanai). Increase in trunk roll cycle and body roll also will increase stroke frequency (Yanai). It is explained that the trunk roll uses external forces that act in non propulsive directions. This is a constraint to a swimmers propulsion and efficiency (Yanai 2001). These factors have an effect on the swimmers stroke frequency, stroke length, and speed (Yanai). With this in mind Yanai made two predictions (1) body roll and effect of non-propulsive forces on the body will predict stroke frequency. (2) Swimmers will reduce fluid forces in non-propulsive directions in the body roll cycle by increasing stroke frequency. The hypothesis’s above were tested using Euler’s equation of motion, experimental videography technique with panning periscopes, DLT-based algorithm, 3X 3 matrix, and correlation analysis. These research methods studied the body roll, moment of inertia of the body about the axis, turning effect of fluid forces and global maximum. These hypotheses were supported by the formulas outcomes. The formulas found true to the fact that stoke frequency was predicted well with the... Free Essays on Locomotion And Fluid Movement Free Essays on Locomotion And Fluid Movement The article explains that freestyle is the fastest form of locomotion for fluid movement. The article also discusses statistical testing to understand front stoke in swimming and it mechanical link to the fluid forces required in non-propulsive directions. This examined underlying mechanics of the observed relationships among stoke frequency, stroke length, body roll, and speed. Experimental data was collected from professional swimmers on strategies used to change stroke frequency to swim faster. Stroke frequency is determined by the swimmers desired efforts (Yanai). Three factors are suggested to determine stroke frequency: (a) inertia of the arm about the shoulder, (b) range of motion through which the arm moves, (c) torque applied to the arm though out the shoulder (Yanai). These factors alone do not increases stoke frequency (Yanai). Increase in trunk roll cycle and body roll also will increase stroke frequency (Yanai). It is explained that the trunk roll uses external forces that act in non propulsive directions. This is a constraint to a swimmers propulsion and efficiency (Yanai 2001). These factors have an effect on the swimmers stroke frequency, stroke length, and speed (Yanai). With this in mind Yanai made two predictions (1) body roll and effect of non-propulsive forces on the body will predict stroke frequency. (2) Swimmers will reduce fluid forces in non-propulsive directions in the body roll cycle by increasing stroke frequency. The hypothesis’s above were tested using Euler’s equation of motion, experimental videography technique with panning periscopes, DLT-based algorithm, 3X 3 matrix, and correlation analysis. These research methods studied the body roll, moment of inertia of the body about the axis, turning effect of fluid forces and global maximum. These hypotheses were supported by the formulas outcomes. The formulas found true to the fact that stoke frequency was predicted well with the...

Chronological List of Medieval Popes

Chronological List of Medieval Popes This table will let you see the progression and frequency of pontiffs through the Middle Ages, from its generally-accepted starting point in the 5th century into the 17th century. List of Medieval Popes 468-483: Simplicius483-492: Felix III492-496: Gelasius I496-498: Anastasius II498-514: Symmachus 514-523: Hormisdas523-526: John I526-530: Felix IV530-532: Boniface II533-535: John II 535-536: Agapetus I536-537: Silverius537-555: Vigilius556-561: Pelagius I561-574: John III 575-579: Benedict I579-590:Pelagius II590-604: Gregory I (the Great)604-606: Sabinian607: Boniface III 608-615: Boniface IV615-618: Deusdedit619-625: Boniface V625-638: Honorius I640: Severinus 640-642: John IV642-649: Theodore I649-655: Martin I655-657: Eugene I657-672: Vitalian 672-676: Adeodatus (II)676-678: Donus678-681: Agatho682-683: Leo II684-685: Benedict II 685-686: John V686-687: Conon687-701: Sergius I701-705: John VI705-707: John VII 708: Sisinnius708-715: Constantine715-731: Gregory II731-741: Gregory III741-752: Zachary 752: Stephen II752-757: Stephen III757-767: Paul I767-772: Stephen IV772-795: Adrian I 795-816: Leo III816-817:Stephen V817-827: Paschal I824-827: Eugene II827: Valentine 827-844: Gregory IV844-847: Sergius II847-855: Leo IV855-858: Benedict III858-867: Nicholas I (the Great) 867-872: Adrian II872-882: John VIII882-884: Marinus I884-885: Adrian III885-591: Stephen VI 891-896: Formosus896: Boniface VI896-897: Stephen VII897: Romanus897: Theodore II 898-900: John IX900-903: Benedict IV903: Leo V904-911: Sergius III911-913: Anastasius III 913-914: Lando914-928: John X928: Leo VI929-931: Stephen VIII931-935: John XI 936-939: Leo VII939-942: Stephen IX942-946: Marinus II946-955: Agapetus II955-963: John XII 963-965: Leo VIII964: Benedict V965-972: John XIII973-974: Benedict VI974-983: Benedict VII 983-984: John XIV985-996: John XV996-999: Gregory V999-1003: Sylvester II1003:John XVII 1003-1009: John XVIII1009-1012: Sergius IV1012-1024: Benedict VIII1024-1032: John XIX1032-1044: Benedict IX 1045: Sylvester III1045: Benedict IX (again)1045-1046: Gregory VI1046-1047: Clement II1047-1048: Benedict IX (yet again) 1048: Damasus II1049-1054: Leo IX1055-1057: Victor II1057-1058: Stephen X1058-1061: Nicholas II 1061-1073: Alexander II1073-1085: Gregory VII1086-1087: Victor III1088-1099: Urban II1099-1118:Paschal II 1118-1119: Gelasius II1119-1124: Callistus II1124-1130: Honorius II1130-1143: Innocent II1143-1144: Celestine II 1144-1145: Lucius II1145-1153: Eugene III1153-1154: Anastasius IV1154-1159: Adrian IV1159-1181: Alexander III 1181-1185: Lucius III1185-1187: Urban III1187: Gregory VIII1187-1191: Clement III1191-1198: Celestine III 1198-1216: Innocent III1216-1227: Honorius III1227-1241: Gregory IX1241: Celestine IV1243-1254: Innocent IV 1254-1261: Alexander IV1261-1264: Urban IV1265-1268: Clement IV1271-1276: Gregory X1276: Innocent V 1276: Adrian V1276-1277: John XXI1277-1280: Nicholas III1281-1285: Martin IV1285-1287: Honorius IV 1288-1292: Nicholas IV1294: Celestine V1294-1303: Boniface VIII1303-1304: Benedict XI1305-1314: Clement V 1316-1334: John XXII1334-1342: Benedict XII1342-1352: Clement VI1352-1362:Innocent VI1362-1370: Urban V 1370-1378: Gregory XI1378-1389: Urban VI1389-1404: Boniface IX1404-1406: Innocent VII1406-1415: Gregory XII 1417-1431: Martin V1431-1447: Eugene IV1447-1455: Pope Nicholas V1455-1458: Callistus III1458-1464: Pius II 1464-1471: Paul II1471-1484: Sixtus IV1484-1492: Innocent VIII1492-1503: Alexander VI1503: Pius III 1503-1513: Julius II1513-1521: Leo X1522-1523: Adrian VI1523-1534: Clement VII1534-1549: Paul III 1550-1555: Julius III1555: Marcellus II1555-1559: Paul IV1559-1565: Pius IV1566-1572: Pius V 1572-1585: Gregory XIII1585-1590: Sixtus V1590: Urban VII1590-1591: Gregory XIV1591: Innocent IX1592-1605: Clement VIII There are 187 medieval popes. Of them, only a handful are considered important by historians. That handful Gregory I, Gregory VII, Innocent III, Nicholas I, Clement VI, Urban II has been included in our resource. Some of the rest is quite interesting; most achieved little of note; still, others reigned so briefly that very little is known about them. It would take, quite literally, years to add them all to this resource. We recommend that if you require information on one of the more obscure popes who have yet to be included here, please look him up in The Catholic Encyclopedia or the nearest offline resource.

What does Jackson's Knowledge Argument show Essay

What does Jackson's Knowledge Argument show - Essay Example It endeavors to dispute the theory that all knowledge is physical knowledge Mary that Jackson uses in his experiment is a renowned scientist who has a fully-fledged awareness of color but has never had the opportunity to experience color. The question of utmost interest here is whether upon realizing color she will be able to learn something new. In this experiment, the major assumption is the fact that she has prior physical knowledge of color before her release from the black and white room. When she was released from the black and white room she obtained new knowledge. Based on this premise, it was justifiable to conclude that knowledge in its entirety is not physical (Nida-Rà ¼melin, 13). The fact that Mary acquired new knowledge upon her alteration of the environment is proof enough that â€Å"qualia† is valid and exists. Qualia refer to the subjective, qualitative characteristics of experiences that are deemed to be free from the influence of behavior and disposition (Jackson, 7). Jackson asserts that the quale are real and that there is glaring distinction between an individual who has access to a particular quale and one who is not privy to the same. The knowledge argument propagates that if indeed Mary evidently learned something new when she experienced color, then the theory of physicalism is a fallacy. According to the knowledge argument, one is only capable of the experience of color if she gets to have a visual contact with it. The premise here is that despite the fact that Mary was proficient in the science of color perception, she learned something new through experiencing it. In his seminal article, Jackson differs with other proponents of knowledge theory by analyzing the case of a person, Fred, who is capable of seeing color which is unknown to normal human perceivers (Jackson, 17). The knowledge argument is based on the premise that a person, who has a complete physical knowledge on

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Management - Essay Example The project designers are assigned to work for eight hours per week (web based system) work to each designer (Smith and Mark). After some time one designer (Smith) has taken causal leave of 3 days. On this occasion the project manager assigned extra work to the second designer (Mark). So Mark was doing work for 12 hours on web based system and also carrying other projects as well. This situation made him too busy and tired. On the return of Smith the same operational hours were maintained for the Mark. He requested the project manger but manager took no action. The main reason behind this situation was the effective relationships of the Smith to the project manager. This produced some ill feeling in Mark for the Smith and project manager. The conflict among the Mark and Smith has taken more critical conditions. Now the project design is started to effect. This conflict caused delay in the completion of the design work of web based system. The developer team is waiting to develop the system, but no effective results till now have achieved. The main cause behind this situation is the conflicts between designers. This project requires extensive coordination but at the work both designers exchange some harsh words with each other. In this situation both sides know the main reason of the conflict. Smith knew that he was the person behind the over-burden on the Mark. Smith has not admitted that he is doing wrong. In this scenario Mark was under pressure from the management and project manager. He tried to perform well but with his fellow designer he could not be able to coordinate. In this way the over design duration was delayed. After that project manager called the designers to show the progress about the system design. At the moment the project manager has charged the Mark for the delay in the system design, and Smith was not asked regarding the development delay, because of the good terms with project manager. The situation went more